Adjective clause

This handout will allow you to see how important ideas can be combined with relative clauses to
help you subordinate less important ideas and add variety to your sentences. First, it’s important
to know that a relative clause is a special type of dependent clause that usually functions as an
adjective modifying a noun or pronoun within the main clause. Sometimes it can serve as an
adverb when it begins with when or where.
Subordinators for Relative Clauses
There are eight subordinators for relative clauses: who, whom, whose, which, that, where, why,
and when. These subordinators (called relatives and shown below in square brackets) are unique.
They do two things at one time. They connect the dependent clause (in parentheses in the
examples below) to the main clause. At the same time each functions as a subject, object,
adjective, or adverb within the dependent clause.
An object ([that] weighs five pounds on earth) would weigh two pounds on the planet
Mercury.
The relative clause modifies object.
All men ([whom] citizens of the United States have elected as president) have been
native-born.
The relative clause modifies men.
Mark Twain, ([whose] real name was Samuel Clemens), grew up in Hannibal, Missouri.
The relative clause modifies Mark Twain.
Airplane-passenger service was begun on May 3, 1919, ([when] a pilot flew two women
to New Jersey).
The relative clause modifies was begun.
At the common meeting point of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico is a spot
([where] a house could be built with each of its corners in a different state).
The relative clause modifies spot.
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Practice Exercises 1
In the following sentences, set off relative pronouns with brackets, put parentheses around the
relative clause, and circle the noun that is being modified. (For answer key to this exercise, please
see the final pages of this handout.)
1. Edouard Manet, who was an attractive, well-dressed, charming Parisian, was not the
stereotypical bohemian artist who starved in a garret.
2. The painters with whom Manet studied were traditionalists who usually rounded figures
in paintings to give them a realistic sculptural quality.
3. Manet, whose art contrasted sharply with the art of his contemporaries, painted flat
figures in jewel-bright colors without shadows or shading.
4. This approach, which left an “unfinished” look, tried to capture what the eye
momentarily saw.
5. Manet’s painting that most shocked the French people was Luncheon in the Grass, which
pictured a nude woman at a picnic with two fully dressed men.
6. In Manet’s time, paintings were usually judged by a prestigious Parisian art establishment
that was known as the Salon.
7. The judges of the Salon, who held an annual showcase of the Academy of Fine Arts, only
included work that conformed to their standards.
8. The Salon always rejected Manet’s paintings, which were full of color.
9. Now his paintings, which were so badly received during his lifetime, hang in the Louvre
and the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Nonrestrictive vs. Restrictive Relative Clauses and Phrases
You may have noticed in the previous examples that some relative clauses and phrases require
commas while others don’t. Commas indicate that the relative clause is not really needed in order
to understand the sentence. The absence of commas indicates that the relative clause is needed in
order to understand the sentence. We will first look at clauses that are set off with commas.
Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses and Phrases
Commas set off a nonrestrictive relative clause or phrase, that is, a clause or phrase that is not
really needed to identify the noun being modified. In the following example, the clause who was
assassinated in 1963 adds some information about the modified noun, John F. Kennedy, but even
without this extra information we would understand who he is. In other words, when we leave
off the relative clause, the sentence still makes good sense.
John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated in 1963, was the first Catholic president.
John F. Kennedy was the first Catholic president.
Note: A comma must be put before and after the nonrestrictive clause or phrase, unless of course
it is at the end of a sentence, in which case the comma comes only before the non-restrictive
clause.
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Only two types of nouns are followed by nonrestrictive clauses or phrases: proper nouns
and nouns already familiar to the reader.
• A proper noun names a specific person, place, or thing.
• A noun already familiar to the reader because
o it has been mentioned earlier
o it is the only one of its kind, or
o its reference is general and commonly known.
The following are examples of nonrestrictive clauses or phrases.
I went to the movies last night. The movie, which was about Ghandi, was fascinating.
The highest mountain in the world, Mount Everest, is located in Asia.
Tennis, which is a popular sport, is not difficult to learn.
Practice Exercises 2
In the following sentences, modified noun phrases have been capitalized. Add commas only
when the relative clause modifies a proper noun or a noun already familiar to the reader. (For
answer key to this exercise, please see the final pages of this handout.)
(1.) ANDREW WYETH who was the son of an illustrator of children’s books is probably the
most popular U.S. painter of the twentieth century. (2.) N.C. WYETH who was Andrew Wyeth’s
father taught his son to pay attention to detail in his painting. (3.) THE ART OF ANDREW
WYETH which is both realistic and emotional shows rural America at its best. (4.) HIS WORK
which follows the style of earlier American realists has so much detail that it is almost like a
photograph. (5.) THE PEOPLE who appear in his paintings are THOSE whom Wyeth knew.
(6.) HIS RECENTLY REVEALED “HELGA” SERIES which includes nude studies of his
neighbor has been critically acclaimed.
Restrictive Relative Clauses and Phrases
The relative clause or phrase called restrictive when it is needed to understand which specific
person or thing the modified noun is. A restrictive clause is not set off with commas. These
clauses “restrict” or “limit” the meaning of the nouns they modify. They tell you which one and
make the meaning specific. Relative clauses that begin with that are always restrictive; they
should not be set off by commas.
The man who came by yesterday is my professor.
The man is my professor.
(Which man? Without the relative clause, we don’t know which man.)
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Practice Exercises 3
Add commas only where needed. (For answer key to this exercise, please see the final pages of
this handout.)
1. Not all artists who become famous have spent years studying.
2. Anna Robertson Moses who was also known as Grandma Moses is considered the
Grande Dame of U.S. art.
3. Grandma Moses who started painting when she was seventy-six never had an art lesson.
4. Her realistic and simple scenes depicting American rural life have been praised by critics
and spectators alike.
5. These colorful pictures which are called “primitives” are based on her early life in rural
New York.
6. She began to paint at a time when her arthritis made her pastime of embroidering too
painful.
7. This energetic woman who lived to be 101 continued to create works of wonder and
charm until shortly before her death.
8. Grandma Moses who painted without any formal training remains one of the twentieth
century’s most famous primitive artists.
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Relative Clauses Answer Keys
Practice Exercises 1
1. Edouard Manet, ([who] was an attractive, well-dressed, charming Parisian), was not the
stereotypical bohemian artist who starved in a garret.
2. The painters (with [whom] Manet studied) were traditionalists ([who] usually rounded
figures in paintings to give them a realistic sculptural quality).
3. Manet, ([whose] art contrasted sharply with the art of his contemporaries), painted flat
figures in jewel-bright colors without shadows or shading.
4. This approach, ([which] left an “unfinished” look), tried to capture what the eye
momentarily saw.
5. Manet’s painting ([that] most shocked the French people) was Luncheon in the Grass,
([which] pictured a nude woman at a picnic with two fully dressed men).
6. In Manet’s time, paintings were usually judged by a prestigious Parisian art establishment
([that] was known as the Salon).
7. The judges of the Salon, ([who] held an annual showcase of the Academy of Fine Arts),
only included work ([that] conformed to their standards).
8. The Salon always rejected Manet’s paintings, ([which] were full of color).
9. Now his paintings, ([which] were so badly received during his lifetime), hang in the
Louvre and the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Practice Exercise 2
(1.) Andrew Wyeth, who was the son of an illustrator of children’s books, is probably the most
popular U.S. painter of the twentieth century. (2.) N.C. Wyeth, who was Andrew Wyeth’s
father, taught his son to pay attention to detail in his painting. (3.) The art of Andrew Wyeth,
which is both realistic and emotional, shows rural America at its best. (4.) His work, which
follows the style of earlier American realists, has so much detail that it is almost like a
photograph. (5.) The people who appear in his paintings are those whom Wyeth knew. (6.) His
recently revealed “Helga” series, which includes nude studies of his neighbor, has been critically
acclaimed.
Practice Exercise 3
(1.) Not all artists who become famous have spent years studying. (2.) Anna Robertson Moses,
who was also known as Grandma Moses, is considered the Grande Dame of US art.
(3.) Grandma Moses, who started painting when she was seventy-six, never had an art lesson.
(4.) Her realistic and simple scenes depicting American rural life have been praised by critics and
spectators alike. (5.) These colorful pictures, which are called “primitives,” are based on her
early life in rural New York. (6.) She began to paint at a time when her arthritis made her
pastime of embroidering too painful. (7.) This energetic woman, who lived to be 101, continued
to create works of wonder and charm until shortly before her death. (8.) Grandma Moses, who
painted without any formal training, remains one of the twentieth century’s most famous
primitive artists.

Degrees Of Comparison

Positive Degree
Merupakan perbandingan dua nilai yang sama , biasanya menggunakan dua pola, yaitu as ... as ... dan the same as ...

contoh :
- Solo is as beautiful as Surabaya
- Her love is as much as mine
- Sony and toshiba have the same price

Comparative Degree
Menyatakan perbandingan bahwa sesuatu lebih atau kurang dari yang lain. Beberapa cara untuk mengekspresikan perbandingan tersebut antara lain :

1. Menggunakan kata penghubung than
2. Menambahkan akhiran -er pada kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu atau dua suku kata (misal : short, tall, dsb)
3. Menambahkan kata depan more apabila kata sifat lebih dari tiga suku atau apabila yang dibandingkan adalah kata keterangan

contoh :
- Rio is much taller than lely
- Notebook is more expensive than personal computer
- Marry finished the test more quickly than jack

Superlative Degree
Digunakan untu menyatakan hal yang paling ter- dari segala hal lainnya yang menjadi perbandingan

1. Menambahkan kata sandang the di depan kata sifat ataupun di depan kata keterangan
2. Menambahkan akhiran -est pada kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu atau dua suku kata (misal : short, tall, dsb)
3. Menambahkan kata depan most apabila kata sifat lebih dari tiga suku atau apabila yang dibandingkan adalah kata keterangan

contoh :
- He is the smastest boys in my class
- Ina is the most beautiful girls in my school
- Hani finished the test the most quickly

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences

BENTUK UMUM :

MAIN CLAUSE + IF CLAUSE

DI MANA :

Main clause selalu mempunyai modal auxiliary
If clause selalu berupa : simple present, simple past, atau past perfect

1. conditional sentences type 1 : true in the present or future

S + MODAL V1 + V1 . . IF + S + V1 ATAU TO BE V1

FACT :
Mengubah kata if dengan on condition that, provided, atau unless

contoh :
conditional : I may study in university if i graduate from senior high school
fact : i may study in university on condition that i graduate from senior high school

2. conditional sentences type 2 : untrue in the present

S + MODAL V2 + V2 . . IF + S + V2 ATAU TO BE V2

FACT :
1. Ubah kata if menjadi because
2. Ubah tense menjadi simple present dan hilangkan modal
3. Ubah kalimat negatif menjadi positif dan sebaliknya

contoh :
conditional : I might study in university if i graduated from senior high school
fact : I don't study in university because i don't graduate from senior high school

3. conditional sentences type 3 : untrue in the past

S + MODAL V2 + HAVE + V3 . . IF + S + HAD + V3 ATAU HAD BEEN

FACT :
1. Ubah kata if menjadi because
2. Ubah tense menjadi simple present dan hilangkan modal
3. Ubah kalimat negatif menjadi positif dan sebaliknya

contoh :
conditional : I might have studied in university if i had graduated from senior high school
fact : I didn't study in university because i didn't graduate from senior high school

theory and exercise passive voice

PASSIVE VOICE
KALIMAT PASIF
1. Definition (Pengertian)
Kalimat Pasif yaitu kalimat yang ‘subjek-nya’ dikenai pekerjaan. Kalimat ini biasanya kata kerjanya
diartikan “di” atau “ter”.
Contoh :
Aktif : Ahmad cleans the room everyday.
(Ahmad membersihkan ruangan itu setiap hari)
Pasif : The room is cleaned by Ahmad everyday
(Ruangan itu dibersihkan Ahmad setiap hari.
2. Basic pattern (Pola dasar)
Subj + to be + V3
Bentuk to be tergantung pada “Tenses” dan “Subjek”.
Bentuk to be: Present : is, am, are
Past : was, were
Cont. : being
Perfect : been
future/modal : be
Contoh:
Aktif (me/ber) Pasif (di/ter)
1. They clean the room everyday 1. The room is cleaned by them everyday
2. They cleaned the room yesterday 2. The room was cleaned by them yesterday
3. They are cleaning the room now 3. The room is being cleaned by them now
4. They have cleaned the room 4. The room has been cleaned by them
5. They will clean the room tomorrow 5. The room will be cleaned by them tomorrow
6. They must clean the room 6. The room must be cleaned by them

Contoh soal :

1. New products …… in the electronic exhibition in Jakarta Expo Centre a week ago.
a. display c. was displaying e. have displayed
b. displayed d. were displayed
Jawab: d (were displayed) : dipamerkan
2. We cannot swim in the swimming pool now, because it…………….now.
a. cleans c. is being cleaned e. has been cleaning
b. is cleaning d. has cleaned
Jawab: c (is being cleaned) : sedang dibersihkan
3. Geologists have explained the cause of earthquakes in terms of a theory…….as plate tectonics.
a. knows c. which knows e. that known
b. knowing d. known
Jawab: d (known) : diperpendek dari “which is known”=known : yang dikenal
4. A : ‘What time will the delayed plane depart?’
B : ‘They say that it……………..soon.’
a. will announce c. is to announced e. announces
b. has announced d. will be announced
Jawab: d (will be announced) : akan diumumkan
5. A : ‘I’d like to reserve a single room for next week, please.’
B : ‘I’m sorry, Sir. Our hotel ………… until the end of this month.’
a. It is fully booked c. is fully booked e. will book
b. We booked d. booking it fully
Jawab: c (is fully booked) : dipesan (sudah penuh=fully). Kata ‘fully’ (ket. Penegas pada kalimat
pasif, diletakkan setelah to be sebelum Verb3)

Passive voice

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Simple Present	Active:	Rita	writes	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is written	by Rita.
Simple Past	Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was written	by Rita.
Present Perfect	Active:	Rita	has written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	has been written	by Rita.
Future I	Active:	Rita	will write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will be written	by Rita.
Hilfsverben	Active:	Rita	can write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	can be written	by Rita.

Examples of Passive

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Present Progressive	Active:	Rita	is writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is being written	by Rita.
Past Progressive	Active:	Rita	was writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was being written	by Rita.
Past Perfect	Active:	Rita	had written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	had been written	by Rita.
Future II	Active:	Rita	will have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will have been written	by Rita.
Conditional I	Active:	Rita	would write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would be written	by Rita.
Conditional II	Active:	Rita	would have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would have been written	by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

	Subject	Verb	Object 1	Object 2
Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter	to me.
Passive:	A letter	was written	to me	by Rita.
Passive:	I	was written	a letter	by Rita.

.

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says – it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).

Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

To all my friends

Hello..........................
I am coming to you again my friend'
Where have you been..
Let's make our dream come true........
Together we will be able to win ...................
Cut the challenges on you ......................
Be the winner and the first to get the ambition..........
Seee you
best wishes
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Pordi